Actions in Support of Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease — United States, 2011–2018

Weekly / February 8, 2019 / 68(5);107–111

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Jill Glidewell, MSN, MPH1; Scott D. Grosse, PhD1; Tiffany Riehle-Colarusso, MD1; Nelangi Pinto, MD2; Jeff Hudson, MA2; Rachel Daskalov, MHA2; Amy Gaviglio, MS3; Erin Darby, MPH4; Sikha Singh, MHS; Marci Sontag, PhD5 (View author affiliations)

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Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) occurs in two of every 1,000 births and might be undetected at birth. Affected infants are at risk for substantial morbidity and death early in life. In 2011, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Secretary endorsed the Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children’s recommendation to add CCHD to the recommended universal newborn screening panel.

What is added by this report?

By 2018, all U.S. states and the District of Columbia had implemented newborn CCHD screening policies. Opportunities for program improvement, particularly around data collection, persist. Not all jurisdictions collect screening data or share data among relevant programs.

What are the implications for public health practice?

All U.S. newborns, regardless of which state they are born in, now have the opportunity to be screened for CCHD.

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Table 1

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In 2011, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services added critical congenital heart disease (CCHD), which occurs in two of every 1,000 births, to the list of conditions recommended to states for universal newborn screening (1). Without early detection, infants with CCHD are at risk for substantial morbidity and death in the first weeks and months of life (2). Based on 2007–2013 data, deaths from CCHD and other cardiac causes in infants aged <6 months significantly declined in infants born in eight states after they had fully implemented mandated newborn CCHD screening policies by June 2013 (3). CDC collaborated with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Association of Public Health Laboratories’ Newborn Screening Technical Assistance and Evaluation Program (NewSTEPs) to update a 2015 report (4) on states’ actions toward adopting and implementing policies supporting CCHD newborn screening. In 2018, all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) had implemented CCHD screening policies, and, with one exception, all states mandated that screening be done (California mandates that screening be offered). However, not all states had data systems in place for tracking all screening results and outcomes. Ongoing evaluation activities, which rely on screening data, could help identify program improvement opportunities and monitor the impact of early identification of CCHD.

Congenital heart defects occur in approximately eight of every 1,000 live births; one fourth of infants born with congenital heart defects have CCHD (1,2). CCHD typically requires surgical or catheter intervention before age 1 year (2). Newborn screening can identify newborns with CCHD before signs or symptoms are evident and before hospital discharge after birth. CCHD screening supplements clinical detection of CCHD to facilitate timely identification, treatment, and management of affected infants. Infants are screened for CCHD using pulse oximetry, a noninvasive method to estimate the oxygen saturation in an infant’s arterial blood. Hypoxemia (abnormally low oxygen saturation) detected by pulse oximetry screening can result from CCHD or other causes. Additional testing (e.g., chest radiograph or echocardiography) is needed after an abnormal screen to determine the cause of the hypoxemia (2,5,6).

CDC, AAP, and NewSTEPs assessed actions by states (i.e., legislation, regulations, or both) toward adoption and implementation of policies supporting CCHD newborn screening. In the context of this report, a statute is a law enacted by a state legislature and signed into law, a regulation is considered to be a rule promulgated by a state agency with the force of law, and legislation is a bill reviewed and acted upon by a state legislature. Policies include statutes, regulations, and other measures, such as appropriations. The effective date of a statute can differ from the date it is implemented by health care providers. For example, Maryland enacted a screening mandate in May 2011 that legally took effect in July 2011 (4). However, the effect of the statute was to direct the state health department to begin the process of preparing regulations that, once issued, would require hospitals and other delivery care providers to screen for CCHD. The date on which the Maryland screening mandate was actually implemented at the provider level was September 1, 2012 (3). In this report, the implementation date is the date when providers were expected or required to begin universal screening of newborns for CCHD.

AAP and NewSTEPs used several methods to gather and compile enactment, effective, and implementation dates of screening policies, as well as information on screening data collection and data sharing. AAP monitored state legislation using legal and regulatory tracking software and researched regulatory and hospital guidelines on state websites. AAP obtained primary information through direct contact and partnership with AAP state chapters. State-specific information on collection of screening data elements was provided by state CCHD screening programs directly to the NewSTEPs Data Repository (7). NewSTEPs surveyed state CCHD newborn screening coordinators to assess data sharing and collaboration between birth defects surveillance programs, which track cases of CCHD, and newborn screening programs. Newborn screening programs in all 51 jurisdictions (50 states and DC) participated in the survey.

From 2013 to 2018, the number of jurisdictions that had implemented CCHD screening policies increased from 22 to 51 (Table 1). States used various approaches to adopt newborn screening for CCHD. Thirty-nine (76%) jurisdictions adopted statutes that either mandated screening or the offer of screening or called for the issuance of regulations to mandate that screening be offered; the other 12 jurisdictions implemented mandates exclusively through regulations. The content of policies varies among states. For example, in 2015, Colorado mandated that infants born in a birthing center located below 7,000 feet elevation be screened for CCHD (infants born at higher-elevation locations typically have lower normal oxygen saturation levels, which have not yet been incorporated in screening guidelines). One year later, the state required midwives attending home births to either screen newborns or refer the parents to a physician or health facility. Kansas, which previously had a successful voluntary CCHD screening project in place since 2013, added CCHD to its required newborn screening panel by regulation in early 2018. In Idaho, regulations went into effect in July 2018 that require all newborns to be screened for CCHD, including those born outside of a birthing center or hospital.

Forty-one (80%) jurisdictions reported receiving CCHD screening data from hospitals or birthing centers (Table 2). Among these jurisdictions, 32 (78%) receive some type of individual-level screening results for all infants screened, including 19 jurisdictions that receive all screening data (oxygen saturation values and dates and times of screening), one that receives only data on the final screen, and 12 that receive only the final interpretation result (pass/fail). Five (12%) of 41 jurisdictions reported receiving only aggregate data on the numbers of infants screened and CCHD cases detected, and four (10%) reported receiving individual-level screening results (oxygen saturation values and dates and times of screening) only for CCHD cases detected through screening.

Nineteen (37%) jurisdictions reported data sharing between birth defects surveillance programs and newborn screening programs, maximizing the surveillance capabilities of these public health programs (Table 2). Shared data are used to identify cases of CCHD missed by screening, to ensure cases match between birth defects and newborn screening programs, or to perform postdiagnostic follow-up of infants identified by CCHD screening; six jurisdictions reported sharing for all three purposes. Among the 19 jurisdictions that reported data sharing, five had electronic linkage between newborn screening and birth defects surveillance data systems, two had a shared data system that encompasses both CCHD newborn screening and birth defects, and the remaining 12 shared data manually through direct communication, email, and reports. Among reasons cited by the 32 jurisdictions that do not share data between birth defects surveillance programs and CCHD newborn screening programs are absence of a birth defects surveillance program (five, 16%); lack of individual-level pulse oximetry screening data (10, 31%); and data systems that are not linked (17, 53%).

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Discussion

Policies for newborn screening of CCHD were gradually adopted in all U.S. states and DC from 2011 through 2018, thus facilitating improved survival of affected infants. Newborn screening mandates for CCHD have been found to save lives (3); however, opportunities continue for program improvement, particularly around data collection. Despite the implementation of CCHD screening policies in all jurisdictions, data collection efforts have lagged. In 2014, among 43 states that had implemented CCHD screening policies, 24 states were collecting data, although the types of data collected varied by state (4). By 2017, among 49 states with CCHD screening policies implemented, 41 were collecting data. Jurisdictional level data collection practices vary widely based upon state statute, financial and staff member resources, and capabilities to collect data (8). Completeness of data collection is important for surveillance, monitoring of outcomes, process improvement, and evaluation of state CCHD screening programs (2,4–6,8–10). States use screening algorithms as step-by-step guides for screening and determination of pass or fail and for the assessment of false positive and false negative cases (6,9). Evaluation and potential refinement of screening algorithms rely upon individual-level screening and outcome data.

Another opportunity for CCHD screening program evaluation and improvement lies in fostering collaborations between the two public health programs most invested in CCHD screening (newborn screening programs and birth defects surveillance programs). Because of the role of birth defects surveillance programs in monitoring new cases of CCHD, regardless of mode of detection, these programs have the ability to aid in evaluation of CCHD screening by assessing mortality, outcomes, and service utilization by children with CCHD (8). Integrating population-level screening and follow-up data from a CCHD newborn screening program with the targeted oversight of newly identified CCHD cases by birth defects surveillance programs is integral to establishing and maintaining a robust surveillance system. Ultimately, this integration can facilitate evaluation of the complete CCHD screening process, including the effectiveness of and adherence to the screening algorithm, screening sensitivity and specificity, and assessment of outcomes and needs of affected infants and their families. In Minnesota, for example, staff members of the CCHD newborn screening and birth defects surveillance program work together and share data regularly. Birth defects program and follow-up staff members have access to the same data system that collects individual-level CCHD screening data, facilitating rapid reporting of infants identified via CCHD screening to the birth defects surveillance program for diagnostic confirmation and connection to resources. Cases reported to the birth defects surveillance program also can be assessed easily for screening status and results, and previously undetected cases can be documented in the system.

The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, because of difficulty obtaining exact dates and interpretation of language in jurisdictions’ statutes and regulations, slight variability in the legislation, regulations, and guidelines presented might occur. Second, although all 51 jurisdictions completed the survey, the responses were reported by the jurisdictions’ CCHD screening contact person and not independently verified.

Newborn screening for CCHD in the United States has been implemented nationwide, with numerous infants’ lives being saved or improved as a result. Improved data collection practices and standardization across all jurisdictions could increase effective monitoring and evaluation of CCHD screening. Ongoing evaluation remains important to ensure the best possible outcomes.

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Corresponding author: Jill Glidewell, mglidewell@cdc.gov, 404-498-3800.

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1National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC; 2American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois; 3Minnesota Department of Health; 4Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland; 5Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.

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All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

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References

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Secretary. Letter from the Secretary to the Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children, September 21, 2011. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011. https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/heritable-disorders/reports-recommendations/response-congenital-cyanotic.pdf
  2. Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, et al. ; American Heart Association Congenital Heart Defects Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP. Pediatrics 2009;124:823–36. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Abouk R, Grosse SD, Ailes EC, Oster ME. Association of US state implementation of newborn screening policies for critical congenital heart disease with early infant cardiac deaths. JAMA 2017;318:2111–8. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Glidewell J, Olney RS, Hinton C, et al. . State legislation, regulations, and hospital guidelines for newborn screening for critical congenital heart defects—United States, 2011–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:625–30. PubMed
  5. Grosse SD, Riehle-Colarusso T, Gaffney M, et al. CDC grand rounds: newborn screening for hearing loss and critical congenital heart disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:888–90. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Oster ME, Aucott SW, Glidewell J, et al. Lessons learned from newborn screening for critical congenital heart defects. Pediatrics 2016;137:e20154573. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Ojodu J, Singh S, Kellar-Guenther Y, et al. NewSTEPs. The establishment of a national newborn screening technical assistance resource center. Int J Neonatal Screen 2018;4:1. CrossRef
  8. CDC. Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease: potential roles of birth defects surveillance programs—United States, 2010–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:849–53. PubMed
  9. Kemper AR, Mahle WT, Martin GR, et al. Strategies for implementing screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 2011;128:e1259–67. CrossRef PubMed
  10. Olney RS, Botto LD. Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease: essential public health roles for birth defects monitoring programs. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2012;94:965–9. CrossRef PubMed

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TABLE 1. State legislation and regulations for newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) — United States, 2011–2018Return to your place in the text
State Citation Statute* Regulation/Guidance† Actions Date enacted Date effective Date universal screening policy implemented§
Alabama Ala. Admin. Code 420–10–1 — X Mandates screening May 2013 Jun 2013 Jun 21, 2013
Alaska Alaska Stat § 18.15.205 X — Mandates screening Sep 2013 Jan 2014 (Jan 2016 for providers who attend <20 births/yr) Mar 19, 2014
Alaska Admin. Code tit. 7, § 27.630
Alaska Admin. Code tit. 7, § 27.635		 — X Specifies type of provider who is required to perform screen; reporting requirements Feb 2014 Mar 2014
Arizona Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 36–694 X — Mandates screening Apr 2014 Jul 2014 Jul 1, 2015
Ariz. Admin. Code § R9–13–202 — X Screening and reporting requirement May 2015 Jul 2015
Arkansas Ark. Code Ann. § 20–9-13 X — Mandates screening Apr 2013 Aug 2013 Jul 1, 2015
California Cal. Hsc. Code § 124121 X — Mandates screening be offered Sep 2012 Jan 2013 Jul 1, 2013
Colorado Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25–4-1004.3 X — Mandates screening in birthing facilities below 7,000 ft. altitude May 2015 Aug 2015 Jan 1, 2016
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 12–37–105 X — Mandates direct entry midwives perform screen** Jun 2016 Aug 2016
Connecticut Conn. Gen. Stat. § 19a-55 X — Mandates screening May 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 1, 2013
Delaware 16 Del. Admin. Code § 4107.4 — X Mandates screening May 2013 May 2013 May 1, 2013
District of Columbia D.C. Code § 7–857.02 X — Mandates screening Jun 2015 Sep 2015 Sep 7, 2015
Florida Fla. Admin. Code r. 64C-7.002 — X Mandates screening Oct 2014 Oct 2014 Mar 26, 2015
Georgia Ga. Comp. R. and Regs. 511–5-5-.03 — X Mandates screening May 2014 Jun 2014 Jul 1, 2015
Hawaii Haw. Rev. Stat. § 321–296 X — Mandates screening Jul 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2014
Idaho Idaho. Admin. Code. r. 16.02.12.301 — X Mandates screening Jul 2018 Jul 2018 Jul 1, 2018
Illinois 410 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 240/1.10 X — Mandates screening Aug 2013 Aug 2013 Aug 20, 2013
Indiana Ind. Code § 16–41–17–2 X — Mandates screening May 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 1, 2012
Iowa Iowa Code § 136A.5A X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Jul 2013 Jan 8, 2015
Iowa Admin. Code r. 641.4.3 — X Screening and reporting requirements Dec 2014 Jan 2015
Kansas Kan. Admin. Regs. § 28–4-502 — X Mandates screening Feb 2018 Feb 2018 Feb 2018
Kentucky Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 214.155 X — Mandates screening Mar 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 1, 2014
902 Ky. Admin. Regs. 4:030 — X Screening and reporting requirements Dec 2013 Dec 2013
Louisiana La. Stat. Ann. § 40:1083.3 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Aug 2013 Aug 1, 2013
Maine Me. Stat. tit. 22, § 1532 X — Mandates screening Jul 2013 Jul 2013 Oct 9, 2013
10–144 Me. Code. R. 709 — X Screening and reporting requirements Sep 2015 Sep 2015
Maryland Md. Code, Health. Law § 13–111 X X Mandates screening and creates advisory committee to develop implementation recommendations May 2011 Jul 2011 Sep 1, 2012
Md. Code Regs. 10. 52.15.01-.08 — X Screening and reporting requirements Oct 2012 Oct 2012 (emergency adoption) Apr 2013 (permanent adoption)
Md. Code, Bus. and Occ. Law § 8–6C-2 X — Mandates direct entry midwives** perform screen May 2015 Jun 2015
Massachusetts Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 111, § 110C X — Mandates screening Mar 2014 Jun 2014 Jun 2014
105 Code Mass. Regs. 142.303 — X Requires freestanding birth centers to develop screening protocols Oct 2014 Jan 2015
105 Code Mass. Regs. 130.616 — X Requires hospitals to develop screening protocols Oct 2014 Jan 2015
Michigan CCHD mandate letter to hospital administrators (authority under Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.5431) — X Mandates screening Oct 2013 Apr 2014 Apr 1, 2014
Minnesota Minn. Stat. § 144.1251 X — Mandates screening May 2013 Aug 2013 Aug 1, 2013
Mississippi Miss. Code R. § 15.4.1.1 — X Mandates screening Oct 2014 Nov 2014 Jul 1, 2015
Missouri Mo. Rev. Stat. § 191.334 X — Mandates screening Jul 2013 Aug 2013 Jan 1, 2014
Montana Mont. Admin. R. 37.57.305 — X Mandates screening Jun 2014 Jul 2014 Jul 1, 2014
Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71–556 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Sep 2013 Sep 6, 2013
181 Neb. Admin. Code 10 — X Screening requirements Aug 2014 Aug 2014
Nevada Nev. Rev. Stat. § 442.680 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Jul 2015 Jul 2015
New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 132:10-aa X — Mandates screening Jun 2012 Aug 2012 Aug 11, 2012
New Jersey N.J. Rev. Stat. § 26:2–111.4 X — Mandates screening Jun 2011 Aug 2011 Aug 31, 2011
N.J. Code Admin. § 8:43G-19.15 — X Reporting requirements Dec 2013 Jan 2014
New Mexico N.M. Stat. § 24–1-6 X — Mandates screening Mar 2014 May 2014 Jul 1, 2014
New York N.Y. P.B.H. Law § 2500-A X — Mandates screening Jul 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 27, 2014
North Carolina N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-125 X — Mandates screening May 2013 May 2013 Jul 25, 2014
10 N.C. Admin. Code 43K.0102–0103 — X Screening and reporting requirements Jul 2014 Jul 2014 (temporary effective date)
Apr 2015 (permanent effective date)
North Dakota N.D. Cent. Code § 25–17–06 X — Mandates screening Apr 2013 Aug 2013 Aug 2013
Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 3701.5010 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Sep 2013 Oct 1, 2014
Ohio Admin. Code 3701:54 — X Reporting requirements Jun 2014 Oct 2014
Oklahoma Okla. Stat. tit. 63, § 1–550.5
Okla. Admin. Code § 310:550		 X — Mandates screenin Apr 2013 Jul 2013 Jul 1, 2013
Okla. Admin. Code § 310:550 — X Screening and reporting requirements Jun 2014 Sep 2014
Oregon Or. Rev. Stat. § 433.318 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Jun 2013 Mar 1, 2014
Or. Admin. R. 333–520–0060 — X Screening requirements Dec 2013Jun 2014 Jan 2014 (temporary effective date)
Jun 2014 (permanent effective date)
Pennsylvania 42 Pa. B. 7348 — X Mandates reporting if screening is performed Dec 2012 Mar 2013 Sep 2014
Act of Jul. 2, 2014, P.L. 853, No. 94 X — Mandates screening Jul 2014 Sep 2014
Rhode Island 216 R.I. Code R. § 20–05–01 — X Mandates screening Aug 2014 Jul 2015 Jul 1, 2015
South Carolina S.C. Code Ann. § 44–37–70 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Sep 2013 Sep 11, 2013
S.C. Code Regs. 61–123 — X Screening requirements Jun 2014 Jun 2014
South Dakota S.D. Codified Laws §34–24–32 X — Mandates screening Mar 2013 Jul 2013 Jul 2013
Tennessee Tenn. Code Ann. § 68–5-507 X — Creates advisory committee to develop screening program Mar 2012 Jan 2013 May 31, 2013
Tenn. Comp. R. and Regs. 1200–15–01 — X Mandates screening May 2013 May 2013
Texas Tex. HSC. Code § 33.011 X — Mandates screening Jun 2013 Sep 2013 Aug 7, 2014
Tex. Admin. Code § 37.78-.79 — X Screening and reporting requirements Jul 2014 Aug 2014
Utah Utah Code § 26–10–6 X — Mandates screening Mar 2013 Oct 2014 Oct 1, 2014
Vermont 18 Vt. State. Ann. § 5087 X — Requires screening rules be issued May 2016 Jul 2016 Dec 2016
13 Vt. Code R. 140 057 — X Mandates screening Dec 2016 Dec 2016
Virginia Va. Code Ann. § 32.1–65.1 X — Mandates screening Feb 2014/Mar 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 1, 2015
12 Va. Admin. Code § 5–71–30/12 Va. Admin. Code § 5–71–210 — X Screening and reporting requirements Aug 2016 Oct 2016
Washington Wash. Rev. Code § 70.83.090 X — Mandates screening Apr 2015 Jul 2015 Jul 24, 2015
West Virginia W. Va. Code § 16–44–2 X — Mandates screening Apr 2012 Jun 2012 Sep 1, 2012
Wisconsin Wis. Stat. § 253.13 X — Allows the state’s department of health to add conditions to the state’s screening panel of disorders Mar 2014 Mar 2014 Jul 3, 2014
Wis. Admin. Reg. Em. Rule 1410 — X Mandates screening Jun 2014 Jul 2014 (emergency effective date)
Wis. Admin. Code DHS § 115 — X Mandates screening Jul 2015 Aug 2015 (permanent effective date)
Wyoming Wyo. Code R. § 048.0035.1.09072017 — X Mandates screening Sep 2017 Sep 2017 Sep 7, 2017

Abbreviation: X = presence of state action.
* Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia (DC) have enacted legislation related to newborn screening for CCHD; laws in 35 of those states (and the District of Columbia) require screening.
† Thirty-one states issued regulations related to newborn screening; 15 of those states issued regulations requiring screening.
§ Implementation date refers to the date on which all birthing hospitals were expected to be screening, which might differ from the date when the health department implemented a screening policy or reporting requirement.
Mandates CCHD screening of newborns.
** Direct entry midwives are midwives who typically attend home births and who have become credentialed without first becoming a nurse.

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TABLE 2. Receipt of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening data and data sharing with birth defects surveillance programs — United States, 2018Return to your place in the text
Characteristic No. (%) of jurisdictions
Receipt of CCHD screening data by jurisdiction
Receive any CCHD screening data 41 (80)*
Receive any individual-level data 32 (78)†
Receive all individual-level screening data 19 (46)†
Receive individual screening data for CCHD cases only 4 (10)†
Receive data on final screen only 1 (2)†
Receive final pass/fail result 12 (29)†
Receive aggregate data only 5 (12)†
Data sharing with birth defects surveillance systems
Data sharing exists 19 (37)*
Mechanism of data sharing
Electronic linkage 5 (26)§
Shared data system 2 (11)§
Manual 12 (63)§
No data sharing 32 (63)*
Reasons for no data sharing
No birth defects surveillance program 5 (16)
No individual level pulse oximetry screening data 10 (31)
Data systems not linked 17 (53)

* Percentage of all 51 jurisdictions (50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia).
† Percentage of jurisdictions that receive any data.
§ Percentage of jurisdictions that share data.
Percentage of jurisdictions that do not share data.

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Suggested citation for this article: Glidewell J, Grosse SD, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al. Actions in Support of Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease — United States, 2011–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:107–111. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6805a3.

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